Semaphore

Protocolo de Identidad

A zero-knowledge protocol for anonymous interactions: a user proves they are a member of a group, and sends a signal such as a vote or endorsement, without revealing which member they are. Group membership is a Merkle tree of identity commitments; a Semaphore proof shows knowledge of a leaf in the tree and ties the signal to a nullifier that stops the same member from signalling twice in the same context. Semaphore is described as a generic privacy layer, with circuits, Solidity contracts for on-chain verification, and JavaScript libraries for creating and verifying proofs off-chain. It is developed by Privacy & Scaling Explorations, a team supported by the Ethereum Foundation, and Semaphore V4 has been released .

Fundación

Enlaces

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Detalles

Licencia

Permissive (MIT). https://github.com/semaphore-protocol/semaphore (circuits, Solidity contracts, JavaScript packages)

Estado de Desarrollo 🟢 Activo

Propietario

Privacy & Scaling Explorations (PSE), a team supported by the Ethereum Foundation; the repository is under the semaphore-protocol organisation, with one contributor responsible for about two thirds of the latest commits

Órgano de Gobierno

Privacy & Scaling Explorations (PSE), supported by the Ethereum Foundation; no formal governance document was found in the cited sources

País Not stated by the project.

Año de Inicio 2019

Stack

Circom circuits (built with circomkit); Solidity contracts for on-chain verification and groups on EVM chains; JavaScript packages for identity, group and proof; Semaphore V4 uses EdDSA identities and LeanIMT groups, as the RLN V3 README describes

Financiamiento

Supported by the Ethereum Foundation through the PSE team

Última Investigación 29 oct 2026

Vista de topología

Esta herramienta en el centro y lo que se relaciona directamente con ella. Cada línea nombra el tipo de relación.

Abrir en el Explorador de grafo

Dominios de Caso de Uso

Identidad y Confianza

Capacidades

Prueba de humanidad

Divulgación contextual

Protocolo de Identidad Atributos

Orígenes

Anonymous signalling on Ethereum: give applications a generic way to prove group membership and send messages (votes, endorsements, signals) without revealing identity, while preventing double use

Base de Datos

N/A

Lenguaje de Consulta

N/A

Formatos de Datos

Identity commitments in a Merkle tree of group members; zero-knowledge proofs with public signals; Solidity contracts for on-chain verification

Soporte Móvil

Library-level: JavaScript packages and proofs generated in web or Node runtimes

Soporte Web

Yes: browser-run proof generation and a demo on the project site

Aplicaciones Nativas

Library-level only

Términos

Free and open source (MIT)

Fondos

Not stated by the project.

Basado En

Zero-knowledge circuits written in Circom, Merkle-tree group membership and nullifiers; V4 introduced EdDSA identities and LeanIMT groups, as the RLN V3 README notes

Permisos

Group administrators decide who is a member; members decide when to signal; verifiers decide which roots to accept

Autenticación e Identidad

A Semaphore identity is a private key with a public commitment inserted into a group; a proof shows knowledge of a group member's secret without disclosing it

Modelo de Almacenamiento

Group state lives on-chain in Semaphore's Solidity contracts or off-chain in an application-managed tree; proofs are portable

Interoperabilidad

Works across EVM-compatible blockchains and off-chain; used as a base for other projects (the site lists several, and RLN V3 is built on its V4 features)

Portabilidad de Datos

Identities and group membership proofs can be reused across applications that share the same group; group data is public on a chain or held by the application

Gobernanza y Toma de Decisiones

Developed by the PSE team in the open repository; ideas are invited through the PSE programme and issues

Madurez del Protocolo / Estandarización

Version 4 released and iterated (v4.14.5); no standards-body involvement; audits and the trusted-setup details are not covered by the cited sources

Estándares de Identidad

No W3C DID or Verifiable Credentials mapping; its own zero-knowledge identity and group model

Métodos DID Soportados

N/A

Gestión de Claves

Each user holds a private key for the identity; losing it loses membership (no recovery described); groups are managed by an admin or contract

Tipos de Credenciales

Group-membership proofs and signals bound to a nullifier; not issuer-signed credentials

Método de Verificación

A verifier checks the zero-knowledge proof against the group's Merkle root, on-chain through a contract or off-chain in a library

Funciones de Privacidad

Anonymous membership (the proof does not reveal which member), unlinkable signals across scopes, and nullifiers that prevent double-signalling within a scope

Métodos de Autenticación

Zero-knowledge proof of group membership tied to a message and scope

Mecanismo de Revocación

Group administrators remove a member's commitment from the tree; proofs against older roots depend on the application's root-validity policy

Tipos de Agentes Soportados

Individual users (identities) and applications that manage groups; the site describes use for voting, endorsements and anonymous communication

Tipos de Billetera/Cliente

Libraries and applications; the site lists projects built on it, including identity and ticketing tools

Mecanismos de Recuperación

Not stated by the project.

Cumplimiento / Regulaciones

Not stated by the project.

Protocolos de Intercambio de Credenciales

None defined: proofs are submitted to a contract or verifier by the application

Marco de Confianza

Cryptographic: the proof is checked against the group's root; trust in the group's administrator for who is admitted, and in the circuit's setup

Modelo de Costos

Free to use; on-chain verification costs gas on the chosen chain

Resistencia a la Censura

Moderate: proofs are verifiable by anyone, but group membership is controlled by whoever manages the tree

Relaciones

Cómo se conecta esta herramienta con otras herramientas y organizaciones, según relaciones revisadas por el responsable de datos de OpenHaven. Describen cómo se conectan los proyectos, no su calidad.

Construido sobre: Ethereum
Aloja a: RLN (Rate-Limiting Nullifier)