Swarm

Decentralized Storage Network

Decentralized storage and communication platform built on Ethereum, designed as the 'hard disk of the world computer.' Files are split into 4KB chunks, content-addressed, and distributed across a P2P network of Bee nodes, with storage incentivized via the BZZ token and a postage stamp economic model.

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Detalhes

Licença Libre (BSD 3-clause / LGPL)
Status de Dev 🟢 Ativo
Detalhe do Status de Dev Released
Proprietário Swarm Foundation (nonprofit)
Órgão de Governança Swarm Foundation (non-profit)
País Switzerland (Swarm Foundation registered)
Ano de Início 2015
Stack Golang (Bee client)
Financiamento ICO (BZZ token sale June 2021 on CoinList)
Última Investigação 9 de mar. de 2026

Domínios de Caso de Uso

Platform Evolution & Sovereignty

Capacidades

Self-hostable Local-first storage

Decentralized Storage Network Atributos

Origins Ethereum ecosystem / decentralized web infrastructure
Database Content-addressed chunk store (4KB chunks with Kademlia DHT routing)
Query Language REST API (Bee API); WebSocket for feeds
Data Formats Any binary; ENS domain resolution; Swarm feeds (mutable documents)
Mobile Support N/A (infrastructure layer)
Web Support Yes (HTTP gateway; ENS/Swarm content accessible via web browsers)
Native Apps Native apps (Swarm Desktop app — Bee node with GUI)
Terms Self-hosting (run Bee node); postage stamps (BZZ token) for data persistence
Funds BZZ token sale 2021; earlier Ethereum Foundation support; exact ICO amount not publicly disclosed
Based On Ethereum (settlement layer; BZZ is ERC-20 on Gnosis Chain / Ethereum)
P2P Architecture DHT (Kademlia-based chunk routing via libp2p)
Overlay Network Global
Content Addressing Yes (chunk content hashes; Single-Owner Chunks use owner-signed addresses)
Local-First N/A (cloud/P2P model; nodes cache popular chunks)
E2EE Yes (Trojan chunks enable covert encrypted messaging; Single-Owner Chunks provide zero-leak privacy)
Byzantine Fault Tolerance Partial (Kademlia routing is resilient; economic incentives deter malicious behavior; no formal BFT consensus)
Signature ECDSA (Ethereum-compatible; BZZ cheque signing)
Permissions Cryptographic Capabilities (Single-Owner Chunks with owner-signed access; postage stamps as access tokens)
Semantic Web Compatibility N/A
Smart Contract Yes (postage stamp contract and chequebook contract on Gnosis Chain)
Protocol Stack Position Application-layer (built on TCP/IP; Ethereum smart contracts for settlement)
Asset / Value Embedding Native (BZZ token embedded in protocol; postage stamps = pre-paid storage access; SWAP accounting built into node-to-node bandwidth exchange)
Protocol Maturity / Standardization Community Standard (actively deployed; no formal standards body)
Update Policy Mutable (versioned) via Swarm Feeds (mutable documents with owner-controlled update stream); immutable by default for content-addressed chunks
Storage Proof Mechanism None formal at chunk level (postage stamp expiry model: stamps decrease in value over time; expired chunks evicted; redistribution mechanism rewards nodes holding valid stamped chunks via stake-weighted lottery)
Economic / Incentive Model Token rewards (BZZ): publishers purchase postage stamps; BZZ redistributed to storage node operators via stake-weighted redistribution; bandwidth compensated via SWAP (off-chain cheque) system
Retrieval Guarantee Best-effort (incentivized but not cryptoeconomically enforced at individual chunk level; popular content well-cached; cold data may be lost after stamp expiry)