Semaphore

Protocolo de Identidade

A zero-knowledge protocol for anonymous interactions: a user proves they are a member of a group, and sends a signal such as a vote or endorsement, without revealing which member they are. Group membership is a Merkle tree of identity commitments; a Semaphore proof shows knowledge of a leaf in the tree and ties the signal to a nullifier that stops the same member from signalling twice in the same context. Semaphore is described as a generic privacy layer, with circuits, Solidity contracts for on-chain verification, and JavaScript libraries for creating and verifying proofs off-chain. It is developed by Privacy & Scaling Explorations, a team supported by the Ethereum Foundation, and Semaphore V4 has been released .

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Detalhes

Licença Permissive (MIT). https://github.com/semaphore-protocol/semaphore (circuits, Solidity contracts, JavaScript packages)
Status de Dev 🟢 Ativo
Proprietário Privacy & Scaling Explorations (PSE), a team supported by the Ethereum Foundation; the repository is under the semaphore-protocol organisation, with one contributor responsible for about two thirds of the latest commits
Órgão de Governança Privacy & Scaling Explorations (PSE), supported by the Ethereum Foundation; no formal governance document was found in the cited sources
País Not stated by the project.
Ano de Início 2019
Stack Circom circuits (built with circomkit); Solidity contracts for on-chain verification and groups on EVM chains; JavaScript packages for identity, group and proof; Semaphore V4 uses EdDSA identities and LeanIMT groups, as the RLN V3 README describes
Financiamento Supported by the Ethereum Foundation through the PSE team
Última Investigação 29 de out. de 2026

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Esta ferramenta no centro e o que se relaciona diretamente com ela. Cada linha nomeia o tipo de relação.

Visão de topologia: SemaphoreEsta ferramenta no centro e o que se relaciona diretamente com ela. Cada linha nomeia o tipo de relação.SemaphoreEthereum (Construído sobre)EthereumRLN (Rate-Limiting Nullifier) (Hospeda)RLN(Rate-Limiti…

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Domínios de Caso de Uso

Identidade e Confiança

Capacidades

Prova de humanidade Divulgação contextual

Protocolo de Identidade Atributos

Origens Anonymous signalling on Ethereum: give applications a generic way to prove group membership and send messages (votes, endorsements, signals) without revealing identity, while preventing double use
Banco de Dados N/A
Linguagem de Consulta N/A
Formatos de Dados Identity commitments in a Merkle tree of group members; zero-knowledge proofs with public signals; Solidity contracts for on-chain verification
Suporte Móvel Library-level: JavaScript packages and proofs generated in web or Node runtimes
Suporte Web Yes: browser-run proof generation and a demo on the project site
Aplicativos Nativos Library-level only
Termos Free and open source (MIT)
Fundos Not stated by the project.
Baseado Em Zero-knowledge circuits written in Circom, Merkle-tree group membership and nullifiers; V4 introduced EdDSA identities and LeanIMT groups, as the RLN V3 README notes
Permissões Group administrators decide who is a member; members decide when to signal; verifiers decide which roots to accept
Autenticação e Identidade A Semaphore identity is a private key with a public commitment inserted into a group; a proof shows knowledge of a group member's secret without disclosing it
Modelo de Armazenamento Group state lives on-chain in Semaphore's Solidity contracts or off-chain in an application-managed tree; proofs are portable
Interoperabilidade Works across EVM-compatible blockchains and off-chain; used as a base for other projects (the site lists several, and RLN V3 is built on its V4 features)
Portabilidade de Dados Identities and group membership proofs can be reused across applications that share the same group; group data is public on a chain or held by the application
Governança e Tomada de Decisão Developed by the PSE team in the open repository; ideas are invited through the PSE programme and issues
Maturidade / Padronização do Protocolo Version 4 released and iterated (v4.14.5); no standards-body involvement; audits and the trusted-setup details are not covered by the cited sources
Padrões de Identidade No W3C DID or Verifiable Credentials mapping; its own zero-knowledge identity and group model
Métodos DID Suportados N/A
Gestão de Chaves Each user holds a private key for the identity; losing it loses membership (no recovery described); groups are managed by an admin or contract
Tipos de Credenciais Group-membership proofs and signals bound to a nullifier; not issuer-signed credentials
Método de Verificação A verifier checks the zero-knowledge proof against the group's Merkle root, on-chain through a contract or off-chain in a library
Recursos de Privacidade Anonymous membership (the proof does not reveal which member), unlinkable signals across scopes, and nullifiers that prevent double-signalling within a scope
Métodos de Autenticação Zero-knowledge proof of group membership tied to a message and scope
Mecanismo de Revogação Group administrators remove a member's commitment from the tree; proofs against older roots depend on the application's root-validity policy
Tipos de Agentes Suportados Individual users (identities) and applications that manage groups; the site describes use for voting, endorsements and anonymous communication
Tipos de Carteira/Cliente Libraries and applications; the site lists projects built on it, including identity and ticketing tools
Mecanismos de Recuperação Not stated by the project.
Conformidade / Regulamentações Not stated by the project.
Protocolos de Troca de Credenciais None defined: proofs are submitted to a contract or verifier by the application
Estrutura de Confiança Cryptographic: the proof is checked against the group's root; trust in the group's administrator for who is admitted, and in the circuit's setup
Modelo de Custo Free to use; on-chain verification costs gas on the chosen chain
Resistência à Censura Moderate: proofs are verifiable by anyone, but group membership is controlled by whoever manages the tree

Relacionamentos

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