RLN (Rate-Limiting Nullifier)

Protocolo de Identidade

A zero-knowledge gadget for spam prevention in anonymous environments. In an application where users are anonymous, nothing stops one user from sending unlimited messages, and nobody can be removed because nobody can be identified. RLN lets a member prove, in zero knowledge, that they belong to a registered group and are within a rate limit; if they exceed it, the extra proof reveals enough of their secret (through Shamir's Secret Sharing) for others to recover it and remove them, optionally taking a stake. It works in three phases: registration, interaction and withdrawal or slashing. It is described as part of Privacy & Scaling Explorations (PSE), a team supported by the Ethereum Foundation, and implementations are used as the spam-protection layer for messaging protocols .

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Detalhes

Licença Permissive: zerokit is Apache-2.0; the RLN organisation's circuits and contracts carry licences per repository, and the V3 repository states none. https://github.com/Rate-Limiting-Nullifier; https://github.com/vacp2p/zerokit
Status de Dev 🔬 Beta
Proprietário Privacy & Scaling Explorations (PSE), a team supported by the Ethereum Foundation; related implementation work (zerokit) is published by Vac, the research group behind Waku
Órgão de Governança Privacy & Scaling Explorations (PSE) team, supported by the Ethereum Foundation; no formal governance body is described
País Not stated by the project.
Ano de Início 2022
Stack Circom, halo2 and Noir circuits (separate repositories in the RLN organisation); Poseidon hashing for identity commitments; Shamir's Secret Sharing; Solidity registry contract; Rust (zerokit), JavaScript (rlnjs) and CLI tooling
Financiamento Supported by the Ethereum Foundation through the PSE team
Financiamento - Lista
  • Ethereum Foundation
Última Investigação 29 de out. de 2026

Visão de topologia

Esta ferramenta no centro e o que se relaciona diretamente com ela. Cada linha nomeia o tipo de relação.

Visão de topologia: RLN (Rate-Limiting Nullifier)Esta ferramenta no centro e o que se relaciona diretamente com ela. Cada linha nomeia o tipo de relação.RLN(Rate-Limit…Semaphore (Construído sobre)SemaphoreEthereum Foundation (Financiado por)EthereumFoundation
  • Semaphore (Ferramenta): Construído sobre
  • Ethereum Foundation (Organização): Financiado por

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Domínios de Caso de Uso

Identidade e Confiança

Capacidades

Prova de humanidade Divulgação contextual

Protocolo de Identidade Atributos

Origens Spam and sybil resistance for anonymous messaging and voting without revealing identity: replace identity-based moderation with a cryptographic rate limit enforced by the threat of exposure and slashing
Banco de Dados N/A
Linguagem de Consulta N/A
Formatos de Dados Identity commitments in a Merkle tree; zero-knowledge proofs with public outputs including a nullifier and a Shamir share; Solidity registry contract interface
Suporte Móvel Library-level: Rust (zerokit) can be embedded in native and mobile applications; no application
Suporte Web Library-level: JavaScript libraries (rlnjs) and WebAssembly builds
Aplicativos Nativos Library-level only
Termos Free and open source; individual repositories carry their own licences
Financiamento - Lista
  • Ethereum Foundation
Fundos Not stated by the project.
Baseado Em Semaphore-style anonymous group membership (V3 is built on Semaphore V4 features), Shamir's Secret Sharing and zero-knowledge proofs
Permissões Registry rules decide who may register; the rate limit decides how often each member may act
Autenticação e Identidade Members register an identity commitment (the Poseidon hash of a secret key) and prove membership in zero knowledge; no real-world identity is involved
Modelo de Armazenamento A registry (an on-chain contract or application-managed tree) holds identity commitments; proofs are carried in the application's messages
Interoperabilidade A gadget that applications and messaging protocols integrate; the documentation lists a smart-contract design, circuits in several proving systems and implementations in Rust, JavaScript and CLI form
Portabilidade de Dados Identities and proofs depend on the registry the application uses; they are not portable between applications by default
Governança e Tomada de Decisão Specification and implementations are developed in the open by the PSE team and contributors; no decision process is described
Maturidade / Padronização do Protocolo A formal specification exists in the RLN documentation, with version 3 in development; no standards-body involvement; many repositories inactive since 2023-2024
Padrões de Identidade No W3C DID or Verifiable Credentials mapping
Métodos DID Suportados N/A
Gestão de Chaves Each member holds a secret key; exceeding the rate limit exposes it by design, after which it can be used to slash the member's stake
Tipos de Credenciais Anonymous membership proofs with a rate-limit nullifier; not credentials issued by a third party
Método de Verificação A verifier checks the zero-knowledge proof against the registry's Merkle root, checks the nullifier for reuse within the epoch, and can recover the secret if two messages share an epoch
Recursos de Privacidade Anonymous membership and unlinkable messages within the limit; exceeding the limit deliberately reveals the member's secret
Métodos de Autenticação Zero-knowledge proof of registered membership attached to each message
Mecanismo de Revogação Slashing: anyone who recovers a spammer's secret can remove the member from the registry and, where a stake is used, claim it; withdrawal is voluntary exit
Tipos de Agentes Suportados Individual anonymous users of applications that integrate it
Tipos de Carteira/Cliente Libraries (Rust, JavaScript) and CLI tooling; no wallet
Mecanismos de Recuperação Not stated by the project.
Conformidade / Regulamentações Not stated by the project.
Protocolos de Troca de Credenciais None: proofs are attached to the application's own messages
Estrutura de Confiança Cryptographic proofs against a registry root, with economic slashing as deterrent; trust in the registry's admission rules
Modelo de Custo Free to use; registration may require a stake and on-chain registration fees depending on the deployment
Resistência à Censura Moderate: anyone can verify proofs, but registry control determines who may participate

Relacionamentos

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Construído sobre
Financiado por
  • Ethereum Foundation